Khalifah Ali¹, Haithem Ali Mohamed Ahmed Farghali^2, and Ashraf Ali Eldesoky Shamaa²

¹Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait
²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Narrow nostril of sheep is rare in small animal. Kuwait has sheep of Awassi breed which has characteristic long head. The cases of narrow nostril in Awassi sheep were recorded in Kuwait city by the public authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources of Kuwait. The sheep owners claimed as nostril injuries of sheep later confirmed as narrow nostril. 25 cases were found during October 2017 to October 2019 in different farms belonging to Public authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait. Clinically, all cases were suffered from persistent seromucous nasal discharge, deep breath, muzzle licking, dyspnea. Out of 25 cases only 5 (3 male and 2 female) were severely suffering from the respiratory distress. When they got any stress showed immediately tiredness, weak insemination, general weakness, extend the neck and head up and the last special show is the sound of whistling at the breathing. The affected sheep was subjected to surgically interference via total nostril expansion. All were successful with the disappearance of the symptoms as well as normal life with follow up.

Keywords: First Record, Narrow Nostril, Sheep, Kuwait.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vet-1@live.com (Khalifah Ali)

How to cite this article: Ali K, Farghali HAMA and Shamaa AAE (2020). First record narrow nostril of sheep in state of Kuwait. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 01-03.

Asma Khatun¹, Md. Kamal Uddin Sarker¹, Md. Abdur Rahman², Md. Nazmul Huda¹

¹Department of Agricultural and Industrial Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-  5200, Bangladesh
²CSO, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh

A research work was carried out in order to determine the economic and effective method of urea application in rice crop (BINA Dhan-7). The experiment was conducted at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University (HSTU) Farm, Dinajpur during Aman season of 2016 (June-November). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were: T₁ (194 kg/ ha urea at two equal splits), T₂ (Urea Super Granules @ 81.5 kg/ha), T₃ (2% foliar urea spray solution @ 45 kg/ha), T₄ (Prilled urea 138kg/ha). Both the growth and yield was significantly affected by different methods of urea application. In all of the cases for yield,   plant height and straw yield, T₂ gave the highest result. Application of USG @ 81.5 kg/ha produced 14.38% higher grain yield than traditional method T₁ (194 kg/ ha urea at two equal splits). Foliar spray of urea produced the lowest yield components and yield in this study.Form this study it can be concluded that Urea Super Granules @ 81.5 kg/ha may be used to obtain the best performance on growth and yield of transplant Aman rice cv. Binadhan-7. Therefore, the treatment T₂ (USG @ 81.5 kg/ha) can be recommended is the best management practice for obtaining higher yield in transplant Aman rice.

Keywords: Urea Super Granules, Prilled urea, Foliar spray, Grain and straw yield.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mkusarker2002@yahoo.co.uk (M.K.U. Sarker)

How to cite this article: Khatun A, Sarker MKU, Rahman MA and Huda MN (2020). Effect of different techniques of urea application on rice production. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 05-09.

S.M. Hanif

Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Babugonj Campus, Barishal-8210, Bangladesh

Ketamine is one of the most widely used anaesthetic medicines in veterinary practice world- wide. The study was conducted to make an effective guideline for the anesthesia of cat by using single anesthetic ketamine (due to lack of xylazine) during major surgery at the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. A total 15 cats were used dividing 3 groups (A, B and C). All the cats were premedicated by atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg, and sedated by ketamine @ 10 mg/kg, IM. Then they were anesthesized by ketamine @ 10 mg/kg (IM), 10 mg/kg (IV) and 15 mg/kg (IV) respectively in group A, B and C. Maintenance dose required in group A and B but not in C (except one operation). Average duration of anesthesia were 44.8, 33.0 and 27.8 minutes and average recovery period were 21.6, 7.0 and 3.4 hours respectively in group A,B and C. Based on maintenance dose requirement, duration of anesthesia and quick recovery the combination used in group C for major surgery of cat is best. The study can suggest anesthesiologist or veterinary surgeon to follow the guideline used in group C during surgery of cat.

Keywords: Ketamine, Cat anesthesia, Major surgery.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: smhanifdvm7@pstu.ac.bd (S.M. Hanif)

How to cite this article: Hanif SM (2020). Clinical trial of cat anesthesia by single anesthetic ketamine during major surgery. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 10-14.

Khalifah Ali¹, Haithem Ali Mohamed Ahmed Farghali², Ashraf Ali Eldesoky Shamaa²

¹Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait
²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

The rare occurrence of tongue protrusion from mouth of goats is present in some rare breeds such Ardhi and Shami. This condition is considered undesirable by the majority of owners in Kuwait. Hanging tongue from mouth in normal condition diminish the beauty of animal which seriously impact commercial value of that animal.  In addition it affects the normal life of an animal. Therefore addressing the case and treating is the objective of this study. Medicinal treatments for such cases are useless other than surgical intervention. In Kuwait, these cases have been observed in adult goats. And the symptoms were the appearance of the tongue protrusion in the left side generally. In addition to constant licking, fluid spills out of the mouth, dry tongue and the mouth is always dirty. The animals were subjected to surgical intervention. The extra portion of the tongue was removed successfully. After 2 weeks, there were no complications such as significant wound infection. Approximately after 10 days the stitch became disappear. The animal was came back to it normal appearance. The aesthetic value of the animal has been increased.

Keywords: Tongue, sticking out, Goat.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vet-1@live.com (Khalifah Ali)

How to cite this article: Khalifah Ali, Farghali HAMA and Shamaa AAE (2020). Sticking out of tongue in goats and its surgical intervention. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 15-18.

Md. Ariful Islam¹, Nipa Rani Sarker², M.A.R. Howlider¹, Aminul Islam³

¹Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Hajee Mohammed Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
³Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Agricultural University, Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh

A comparative study between native and broiler chicken was conducted to determine, assess and compare the availability, live weight, sale price, morphology and meat yield in the 3 selected areas; Gazipur, Savar and Mymensingh Sadar upazilla in Bangladesh. A pretested survey schedule was used, containing both open-ended and closed ended questions in collecting data by the author himself through visit in the study area. The study was concerned about the availability, live weight, sale price, morphology and meat yield. The proportionate availability of Broiler (Br) was higher (190 times) than Naked Neck (Na) and seven times than Indigenous Full-feathered (na). However, the availability is about 28 times higher than that of Na. The bodyweight of Na and na chicken was lower in comparison to Br. The price of Na and na chicken stood almost doubled than that of Br chicken. The Br chicken is sold in specifically organized shops along with other commodities. Whereas Na and na were sold by owners or middle men in temporary places. There were huge variations among the morphological characters of Na and na considering live weight, length of shank, body, shank, wattle and comb type, color of comb, skin, beak, shank, wattle, plumage, feather, egg shell and egg weight. Among the meat yield characteristics live weight was found significantly higher in Br followed by na and Na. It was concluded that the proportion of Br population exceeded both Na and na chicken indicating the invasion of Br to Na and na chicken. These phenomena of invasion may be a serious side back in the population of valuable genomic extinction among the local germplasm.

Keywords: Native chicken, Indigenous chicken, Broiler & morphology.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nipa.bau02@gmail.com (Nipa Rani Sarker)

How to cite this article: Islam MA, Sarker NR, Howlider MAR and Islam A (2020). Availability and morphological comparison between Native and Broiler chicken in Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 19-28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3946764.

Dolan Das¹, Md. Shafiqul Islam¹, Md. Mahmudul Hasan Sikder¹, Firoj Alom³, Mst. Shumiya Khatun¹, Md. Ashraf   Zaman  Faruk²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
³Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

This study was designed with the aim to determine the impact of residual antibiotics on poultry muscle (breast and thigh), kidney, spleen, fat and liver and effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of antibiotic on haematological constituents in broiler chickens. The chickens were properly reared and on the day of 16, chicks were randomly divided into three groups namely control group (group A), discriminate antibiotic group (group B) and indiscriminate antibiotic group (group C). In case of discriminate group, the chicks were treated with antibiotics followed by withdrawal period of one week before the sacrifice of the birds. On the other hand, indiscriminate group of the chicks was continued without giving any withdrawal period and birds were sacrificed for sampling. Thin Layer Chromatography method was used for screening ‍and detection of tylosin tartrate residues in poultry tissues. The samples were extracted with trichloroacetic acid (30%), diethyl ether, followed by detection inpre-coated thin layer chromatography paper on ultraviolet detector. In case of group B, the residue of tylosin was 100% in livers, 83.33% in kidneys, 0% in thigh muscles, and 16.67% in breast muscles, 33.33% in fat and 16.67% in spleen. In case of group C, the residues of tylosin were 100% in livers, 100% in kidneys, 0% in thigh muscles, and 33.33%in breast muscles, 50% in fat and 33.34% in spleen. Among the poultry tissues, liver and kidney had the highest level of antibiotic residues in comparison to other samples. Tylosin antibiotic showed some changes in hematological parameters of broiler. The Hb and TEC content were significantly decreased at 31^stday of tylosin treatment at recommended dose compared to untreated control. But percent PCV was slightly decreased. There was significantly increased live weight gain of broiler from day 16^th to day 28^th compare to untreated control. However, there was no significant difference among the groups in gaining live weight at 31^st day. The study concluded that once antibiotics are administered to broiler, antibiotic residues are present in high or low concentrations in their products which mainly depend on the duration of the administration of antibiotics. After the administration of antibiotics, concentration of their residues gradually reduces in meat & other meat products and mostly after 4-5 days of administration excretion of residues is negligible.

Keywords: Antibiotic residue, Residual effect, Tylosin tartrate, Broiler.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dolondasruag@gmail.com (Dolan Das)

How to cite this article: Das D, Islam MS, Sikder MMH, Alom F, Khatun MS, and Faruk MAZ (2020). Presence of antibiotic residue and residual effect of tylosin tartrate in broiler. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 29-35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3946801.

Mustafa Nizamul Aziz

Information Systems Discipline, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Scrum is an agile method that has been proved as a successful one that handles the frequent requirements changing and quick progress. Researchers have been trying to enhance scrum productivity and validity. Increasing scrum team productivity is a vital element that enhances project productivity and stability. The main purpose of this paper is to find out the properties that improve members’ productivity in a scrum team without adding people to the existing team. The paper includes findings from a course project done by a group of students in a graduate program. The project was run for four weeks, a planning phase of a week for customer meetings to get the system requirements, and three sprints for system development with one week each. Document analysis and observation were used as data collection methods in the study. At the first sprint, the team velocity for system production was 40%, and for the second sprint, it was 71%. The team had produced and delivered more tasks in the second sprint than the first one. The paper includes good practices that enhanced team productivity in a real-time scenario.

Keywords: Scrum, sprint, team productivity, software development project.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mustafa.nizamul@gmail.com (M.N. Aziz)

How to cite this article: Aziz MN (2020).Increase productivity of team members in a scrum project. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 36-39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3957840.

Md. Shakhawat Hossain¹, Awfa Islam², Nashrulla Fahad¹, Pranta Das³, Arifur Rahaman⁴

Information Systems Discipline, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

This paper investigates basic hygiene and sanitation practices by students of the University of Dhaka. The objective of the study is to understand the nature of hygiene and sanitation practices aiming to find differences in the usual practices between resident and non-resident students. Gender-based implications are also taken into consideration in the study. The study was employed in mixed-method approaches. Data were collected following a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches from both teachers and students. The research involved 280 inclusive students aging between 18 to 27 years (M = 21.15, SD = 1.41) for the quantitative study. Of the total, (54.6%) were male, and 45.4% were female. Qualitative data for this study was collected via phone call interviews. A total of twenty (20) persons were the responders of in-depth interviews. Findings show that 85.36% of the students wash their hands always before having their food; 91.79 % of students wash their hands after defecation & 85.71% of them always maintain regularity in taking a bath. Regularity in cutting is found 59.29% among students and wearing washed clothes is 71.79%. Sanitation practice section showed that 40.36% of students use shared toilets. The hygiene and sanitation practice differs significantly regarding variables sex, residence, family, and socio-economic status of the students. Female students and students staying at home are 1.992 and 3.745 times more likely to have good hygiene and sanitation practices than the male students and students residing at the hall, respectively. Among the students staying at home, students staying in the nuclear family are 3.968 times more likely to have good practices than the students saying in a joint family. The qualitative study reveals that the problem with collective sanitation and hygiene practice is more acute within the students residing in student dormitories. The study also offers a few effective short-term recommendations to improve the existing status of sanitation and hygiene practices within students. Since the standard of living has a direct impact on the well-being and, therefore, on the overall environment of an educational institution, researches of these kinds must be carried out on a regular basis. This study also opens scopes for further studies on a similar but different and larger population.

Keywords: Hygiene & Sanitation Practices, Sanitary Condition, Hygiene Knowledge, University Students.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hossainfaisal01@gmail.com (M.S. Hossain)

How to cite this article: Hossain MS, Islam A, Fahad N, Das P and Rahaman A (2020). Basic hygiene and sanitation practices among Bangladeshi university students. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3968001.

Md. Sayeed Ullah Gani, Kazi Ishrat Anjum

Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

The crop Soybean has a lot of impending possibility in Bangladesh but in present the production is not sufficient due to use of low yield potential varieties, poor agronomic management practices, climatic conditions, pest concerns and low fertility requirements. The study was aimed to find out the best yielding varieties suited for Noakhali region among the available varieties. A field experiment was conducted at Halim bazar, Suborno Char, Noakhali, a coastal district of southern Bangladesh, during Rabi season 2017-2018 to evaluate the growth and yield performance of BARI Soybean-5 and another BARI released archaic variety named Shohag. Ten replication combinations were tested. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten replications. There were significant differences among the different treatment combination in terms of growth and yield contributing characters. The highest seed yield was obtained from BARI Soybean-5 (1.75t/ha) and lowest seed yield was obtained from the local variety named Shohag (1.41t/ha). The overall results indicated that selection of modern variety BARI Soybean-5 produced the maximum seed yield of soybean in the char areas under Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain soil (AEZ-16) of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Soybean, Varieties, Growth and yield.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ishrat.nstu@gmail.com (Kazi Ishrat Anjum)

How to cite this article: Gani MSU and Anjum KI (2020). Performance of two soybean varieties in Noakhali region. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 51-55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986613.

Mehadi Hasan, Mustafa Nizamul Aziz

East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce is a platform based on the internet where the buyers and sellers are interacting themselves over website or smartphone applications, buying and selling products and services, and most of the cases the financial transactions are also being performed over the internet via different portals and transaction service providers. Starting from property, land, labor, different services, and up to our daily grocery items are now available over e-commerce. Chocro.com.bd is a multivendor e-commerce shopping website. One of the authors developed this web application. The customer needs to fill some fields to order a specific product. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the whole procedure and technical details of all related tasks of the main business software systems and website. The preliminary business procedure has been touched upon, and step by step procedures to make the web application systems have been described from the own experiences of the developer while developing Chocro.com.bd.

Keywords: Multivendor, E-commerce, Web application, Web development, Chocro, Electronic commerce.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mustafa.nizamul@gmail.com (Mustafa Nizamul Aziz)

How to cite this article: Hasan M and Aziz MN (2020). Complete multivendor e-commerce web application development: A real-time example. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 56-60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993922.

Ananta Sarker¹, A. B. M. Shafiul Alam², Md. Sefaur Rahman³, Md. Al-Arafat Topu⁴, Muhammad Aslam Ali⁵, Salma Sarker⁶

¹Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Senior Scientific Officer, Adaptive Research and Extension Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Khagrachari
³Senior Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Noakhali
⁴Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh
⁵Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
⁶Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated management of organic and inorganic fertilizers to reduce CH₄ emission and increase rice productivity (rice cultivar BRRI Dhan 28) in Boro season during the period of January to May 2012 at the experimental field, Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Six different treatments such as, urea only (no organic amendments), urea + rice straw compost, urea + charcoal, urea + CaSiO₃, urea + rice straw compost + CaSiO_3, urea + charcoal + CaSiO₃ were applied in different plots in this experiment. The treatments were replicated three times and arranged under RCBD in the field. The highest seasonal CH₄ flux 25.546 mg m^-2 h^-1 was found from the urea + rice straw compost treatment and lowest seasonal CH₄ flux 17.468 mg m^-2 h^-1 was produced in urea only (no organic amendments). The second lowest CH₄ flux 18.744 mg m^-2 h^-1 was recorded from the urea + charcoal + CaSiO₃ treated plot. Inorganic fertilizers such as CaSiO₃ significantly improved the soil redox potential status which reduced CH₄ emission. Total grain yield were recorded 5.72, 5.96, 6.012, 6.127, 6.497 and 6.56 t ha^-1 under the treatments urea only (no organic amendments), urea + rice straw compost, urea + charcoal, urea + CaSiO₃, urea + rice straw compost + CaSiO_3, and urea + charcoal + CaSiO₃, respectively. Among the treatments urea + charcoal + CaSiO₃ was found the best for reducing CH₄ emission and increasing rice production followed by urea + rice straw compost + CaSiO₃ and urea + CaSiO₃ treatments, respectively. Calcium silicate which contains mainly silicon and active iron oxides (electron acceptors) could be introduced with the conventional N, P, K fertilizer for reducing CH₄ emissions and increasing rice productivity under irrigated rice farming system.

Keywords: Organic & inorganic fertilizer, Methane (CH4) emission, Rice production, BRRI Dhan 28.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sarkeranantabau@gmail.com (Ananta Sarker)

How to cite this article: Sarker A, Alam ABM, Rahman MS, Topu MAA, Ali MA and Sarker S (2020). Effect of fertilizers to reduce CH4 emission and increase rice productivity. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 61-69. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3997163

Israt Jahan Eva¹, Belayet Hossain², G. M. Mohsin³

¹Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
²Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
³Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

An experiment was carried out at Nabagram Farm house, Mannannagar, Noakhali, Bangladesh during the period from September 2018 to January 2019 to screen out of different cabbage varieties in coastal area of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Three varieties viz., V₁= Atlas-70, V₂=Summer warrior and one is red cabbage, V₃= Ruby king were selected for screening out. Data were collected on seedlings height at transplanting stage, plant height, number of leaves/seedlings, number of leaves/plant, leaf length and diameter, days to head formation, days to head harvesting, head diameter, average weight of head, yield/plot and yield (ton/ha). Maximum parameters were significantly differed among the varieties except seedlings height, leaf length and leaf diameter. Highest seedlings height (13.15 cm) were found from V₂ (Summer warrior) whereas highest plant height (30.51 cm) notified from V₃ (Ruby king).Summer warrior (V₂) gave maximum number of leaves/seedlings (4.8), leaves/plant (15.97), leaf diameter (19.67 cm), early head formation (46.10 days), head diameter (21.29 cm) average weight of head (1.14 kg), yield/plot (28.97 kg) and yield/ha (54.63 ton). On the other hand highest leaf length (21.41 cm) were recorded from V₃ (Ruby king) and minimum head harvesting days as well as duration were recorded from Atlas-70 (V₁). Lowest seedlings height (10.98 cm) was found from V₃ (Ruby king) as well as lowest plant height (24.57 cm) obtained from Atlas-70 (V₁). Lowest number of leaves/seedlings (2.67), number of  loose leaves/plant (13.74), average head weight (0.64 kg), yield/plot (15.93 kg) and yield/ha (30.67 ton) as well as highest days required to head formation (56.78 days) and harvesting (141.38 days ) were noted from V₃ (Ruby king) Considering the results it can be concluded that Summer warrior cabbage variety was found to be statistically superior to the rest of the varieties in terms of maximum growth and yield contributing characters.

Keywords: Screening, varietal, cabbage, coastal area, Bangladesh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: belayet50718@bau.edu.bd (Belayet Hossain)

How to cite this article: Eva IJ, Hossain B and Mohsin GM (2020). Varietal screening of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.) in coastal area of Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 70-76.  DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4007472

Md. Kabir Hossain, S.M. Rahmatullah

Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

The study was conducted to know the contribution of water chestnut (Trapa natans) in the aquaculture of Bangladesh. The study were also performed to know the general biology of the plant, propagation process, growth performance, culture system, problems, harvesting system, per decimal (dec) production etc. Data were collected from four upazilas under four districts for eight months from April to November 2017. Traditional culture system was included in this research work that was practiced by the farmers in our country. During the study some food items were made with water chestnut flour, such as cake, halua, morobba and raw water chestnut was used to make different types of curry. Chemical analysis showed that the moisture content were 96.67%, 90.35%; lipid were 1.20%, 1.65%; protein were 0.30%, 0.94%; carbohydrate were 0.50%, 5.38%; ash were 0.18%, 0.64% and fiber were 1.15%, 1.05%, respectively for green and red water chestnut. The marketing channels from farmers to consumers were passed through a number of intermediaries such as local water chestnut traders (paikers), wholesalers and retailers. The cost-benefit ratio was varied from one farmer to another because of their culture systems, economic capability, labor cost, disease, ownership of land etc. The production cost was BDT 80/dec and benefit was BDT 220/dec in one case, however for other farmer the production cost was BDT 100/dec and benefit was BDT 506.25 for second cases. Improved traditional culture system was used for second cases so farmers got high profit.  If these culture systems are expanded throughout the country especially in flood plain region, farmers will get extra benefit from their land. In Bangladesh, agricultural crops frequently damaged due to flood. If water chestnut in these flood affected land is cultured, farmers will recover their investment and get extra benefit.

Keywords: Water chestnut, Transplant, Proximate composition, Marketing channel.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kabirbau123@gmail.com (Md. Kabir Hossain)

How to cite this article: Hossain MK and Rahmatullah SM (2020). Potentiality of water chestnut (Trapa natans) in aquaculture of Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 77-87. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4038113

Md. Syful Islam¹, Azizur Rahman²

Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

The typology of migration has changed with time, but it still exits from the pre-modern history to the modern world, and due to globalization, the volume has increased a lot. Around 10 million Bangladeshi emigrants work in more than 150 countries and contribute to the country’s development by sending remittance. Still, the perceptions and experiences of these emigrants aren’t always fulfilled. Research on the perceptions about and experiences faces in the destination of Bangladeshi emigrant are scanty. Therefore, current study is aimed at fulfilling this gap by listening to return migrants to explore the differences between their perceptions before emigration and experiences they faced abroad. A sequential mixed-methods approach was followed, where both quantitative and qualitative data were collected for this study. One hundred nineteen quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A total of 15 in-depth interviews (IDIs) was conducted as part of the qualitative research of this study. Returned migrant workers from the Daudkandi Upazila under the Cumilla district were selected as respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques, whereas qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings of this study showed that the perceptions and experiences of Bangladeshi emigrants were different which include: did not receive job according to the contract (22%); faced salary discrimination (29%); could not fulfill the desired time duration (61%); could not earn exhausted cost spent for going abroad (8%); and lack of help from formal agencies in the destination. Thus, the policies regarding sending labor migrants should focus on the pre-stage to the post-stage of migration, i.e., disseminate information regarding migration among the potential emigrants via mass media and social media to ensure a safer and smooth emigration process, sending skilled and professional emigrants, negotiate with the Government of destination countries for standard wages, and Bangladesh embassies in the destination should work to ensure the right and dignity of the emigrants through their strong activities as well as creating network of all Bangladeshis in abroad.

Keywords: Emigrants, Perceptions, Experiences, Return Migrants, Bangladesh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: syful111@gmail.com (Md. Syful Islam)

How to cite this article: Islam MS and Rahman A (2020). Perceptions and experiences of Bangladeshi emigrants about working in abroad. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(2): 88-98. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4153541