Razu Ahmed^1,2, Md. Helal Uddin^1,2

¹Department of Political Science, Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Bangladesh
²Institute of Bangabandhu War of Liberation Bangladesh Studies, National University, Bangladesh

The nation state is a type of state that believes it has political legitimacy because it represents a nation’s sovereignty. The state is a political or geographical entity because it is a sovereign territorial unit, whereas the nation is a cultural or ethnic group. The phrase “Nation state” suggests that the two are geographically adjacent. Although nation states have emerged as the most common type of state organization, they were formed at various points in history and in various parts of the world. It is a political entity made up of an independent state that is mostly populated by a group of individuals who have a similar history, culture, and language. Nation state is an independent state inhabited by all the people of one nation. Bangladesh is an ideal nation state which was created in 1971. Bangladesh has common culture, history, language and religion. Though it has also an independent territory, sovereignty and elected government, however, has some problems of national integration which appears as challenge for Bangladesh. In this paper we have discussed the meaning and definition of nation state, evolution and characteristics of nation state; and analyze Bangladesh as a nation state.

Keywords: Evolution of Nation state, Feature and Challenges, Padma Bridge.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: helaluddin565@gmail.com (Md. Helal Uddin)

How to cite this article: Ahmed R and Uddin MH (2022). Nation state and Bangladesh: An analysis. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 01-07. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7402749.

Abu Zafar Mahmudul Haq¹, Sayeed Mahmud²

¹Department of Business Administration, City University, Savar, Dhaka 1216
²Department of Community Medicine, IAHS, USTC, Chittagong 4202

Many people in low-middle-income countries depend on household for health treatment cost. In Bangladesh, in the absence of a functional health insurance market, and a lack of coverage by existing health insurance schemes, most costs people bear are out-of-pocket. Therefore, understanding the economic burden of health treatment cost on households in Bangladesh is important. This is a relatively unexplored policy issue in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to reveal treatment costs and socio economic pattern in a rural setting of Bangladesh. A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted on 184 villagers of Satgar village at Lohagara sub district of Chittagong district. Data were collected by face to face interview using a pretested questionnaire. The survey revealed that 16.67% of upper class respondents spent above BDT 3600 while 92.31% of lower class respondents spent a marginal amount of money. The poor respondents spent 15-20% of their monthly household income on treatment more than any other socioeconomic groups. The study reflected that treatment costs are significant burdens on the villagers. Providing affordable primary health care services as well as spreading awareness among the villagers can play an important role in securing their financial solvency.

Keywords: Treatment costs, socioeconomic class, Bangladesh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cityuniversity1215@gmail.com (AZM Haq)

How to cite this article: Haq AZM and Mahmud S (2022). Health treatment costs of rural households in Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 08-14. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7481062.

Mondira Rani Shil¹, Sayeed Mahmud², Mohammed Belal Uddin³

¹Social Assistance & Rehabilitation for the Physically Vulnerable (SARPV), Ukhya, Cox’s Bazar
²Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS), University of Science & Technology (USTC) Chattogram
³Chittagong Nursing College, Chattogram

Refugee crises adversely impacts on infant growth, development and even survival. Breastfeeding has a key role in infant health and well-being in this crises situation. Therefore, breastfeeding is children’s fundamental right for achieving Sustainable Development Goal-2 and Goal-3. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of Rohingya mothers’ knowledge and practices regarding breastfeeding. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among purposively and conveniently selected Rohingya refugee lactating mothers living in selected areas of Bangladesh. Data were collected through interview using a semi-structure questionnaire. Data was entered into SPSS and descriptive analysis was done. A total of 396 Rohingya refugee mothers aged ≤ 20, 21-30 and ≥ 31 years 32%, 62% and 6% constituted the participants of this study. Highest proportion (86%) lactating mothers found to have “Very Good Knowledge” and 14% had “Good Knowledge”. Greater proportion (61%) were found with “Good Practice” level and the rests (39%) were with average practice level. The overall knowledge level of Rohingya lactating mothers on breastfeeding was very good among the mothers. About two-third of them had a good level of breastfeeding practice and others were found with average level. As the Rohingya refugees are receiving various health services through different national or foreign organizations, this may be why the level of knowledge and practice of breastfeeding among Rohingya mothers was observed to be better than that of the mothers of host country.

Keywords: Breastfeeding, Lactating mothers, Rohingya, Cox’s Bazar.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mondirashil21@gmail.com (Mondira Rani Shil)

How to cite this article: Shil MR, Mahmud S and Uddin MB (2022). Knowledge and practices of breastfeeding among the lactating mothers of Lambashia Rohingya Refugee Camp at Cox’s Bazar. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 15-23. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7543969.

Sohag Talukder¹, Md. Saiful Islam Siddiqui², Md. Ashraf Ali³, MD. Abdul Jalil⁴, Palash Kumar Das⁵, Rajib Bhabuk⁶, Md. Mahfuzur Rahman Sajib¹, Amitush Dutta¹

¹Internship Doctor, Jhenidah Government Veterinary College, Jhenidah-7300, Bangladesh
²Department of Anatomy & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
³Department of Pathology & Parasitology, Jhenidah Government Veterinary College, Jhenidah-7300, Bangladesh
⁴Department of Medicine, Jhenidah Government Veterinary College, Jhenidah-7300, Bangladesh
⁵Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
⁶Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and identification of gastrointestinal parasite eggs (except cestode) in cattle of different ages and sex by coprological examination. The study was carried out at Kotalipara Upazila in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh from December 2020 to February 2021. A total number of 65 fecal samples were collected from different cattle of 12 Union (administrative unit) in this study area. Direct fecal samples smear were visually examined under microscope for Trematode and McMaster fecal egg counting technique for others parasites. Results revealed that 90.77% of the samples were found positive with one or more parasite species. The eggs of nematode were predominant (86.15%) followed by trematode (50.77%) and protozoa (21.54%). Overall mean egg per gram (EPG) of feces was 324±21. The highest EPG were found in Ramshil Union of the study area. The study suggests to control gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites by regular dewarming program in order to prevent the losses by parasitic infestation.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Cattle, Gastrointestinal Parasites.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sohagtalukder2@gmail.com (Sohag Talukder)

How to cite this article: Talukder S, Siddiqui MSI, Ali MA, Jalil MA, Das PK, Bhabuk R, Sajib MMR and Dutta A (2022). Coprological study of gastrointestinal parasites of cattle at Kotalipara Upazila in Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 24-29. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7577954.

Aung Sing Hla Marma¹, A. B. M. Shafiul Alam², Md. Shahidul Islam³, Md. Ibrahim Ali¹

¹Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Sub-Station, Khagrachari-4400
²Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Sub-Station, Khagrachari-4400
³Principal Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted on hill slope in Khagrachari hill district during in 2021 to observe the effect of different mulching techniques on weed infestation and performance of Binalebu-1 on hill slope. The experiment was laid out in RCBD, where the treatments, i.e. mulching with straw, mulching with Jute Geo-bag, mulching with bamboo leaves and control were imposed in plots. From year round observation most of the weeds were grasses, a few were broadleaf and only one sedge species was found.  Mulching with jute geo-bag exhibited the highest weed control efficiency (84.45%) at 270 DAT. The tallest plants (137.9cm) were found from the plots receiving the jute geo-bag at 360 DAT. The mulching with jute geo-bag treatment incurred the lowest (6.5 gm-2) weed biomass at 360 DAT. The highest number of branches/ plant (35.1) was recorded in the plots receiving mulches with jute geo-bag at 360 DAT. The highest number of flowers/plant (7.7) was produced in the plots receiving mulches with jute geo-bag at 360 DAT. The highest number of fruits/plant (6.7) was produced in the plots receiving mulches with jute geo-bag at 360 DAT. Weed biomass was negatively correlated with WCE whereas positive correlation existed between plant height and number fruits and flowers. Moreover, similar relation was observed between number of branches and number of flowers.

Keywords: Weed Control Efficiency, Correlation, Mulching, Citrus Crop, Hills.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shafiulalamshahed@gmail.com (A. B. M. Shafiul Alam)

How to cite this article: Marma ASH, Alam ABMS, Islam MS and Ali MI (2022). Evaluation of mulching techniques in the context of weed management in citrus crop cultivation on Hills. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 30-39. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7585297.

Md. Ridwan-Ul-Rabbi¹, A. B. M. Shafiul Alam², Md. Moniruzzaman³

¹Human Resource Management, Faculty of Business Studies, Jahangirnagar University
²Senior Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
³Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Fisheries research Institute (BFRI), Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh

Compliance with the occupational health and safety (OHS) measures at workplace is an important step towards providing a healthier welding workplace especially in developing countries like Bangladesh where such measures are commonly not well-considered. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of occupational health and safety among metal workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study among the 424 metal workers who were working in the different wards of Bogura city, Bangladesh. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a standard structured questionnaire which included demographic characteristics, and questions specifically designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the study subjects. Knowledge and attitude were measured using composite scores and data were analyzed using SPSS. About 71% of the respondents had good knowledge about occupational health and safety, 61.6% of the respondents had a favorable attitude and 72.6% of the respondents had good practice about occupational health and safety. Most of the  workers (53.5%) were 22-27 years old and 42.9% completed primary school. Regarding their work environment, 90.3% reported the presence of excessive dust, 85.1% reported disturbingly high sound and 50.2% reported radiation from welding. Only 32.55% knew that exposure to chemicals (inhaled sprays, spilled on body, etc.) during work causes a problem on health. Only 17.5% and 29.7% of the respondents reported that they had training on OHS before they started work and within the last one year, respectively. The overall knowledge, attitude, and practice related to OHS and metal workers in Bogura pose a public health concern. This calls for urgent intervention in providing on-the-job training as well as implementing a safer work environment, medical checkups, and improved pre-service training for new staff.

Keywords: Occupational Health & Safety (OHS), Knowledge Attitude & Practice (KAP).

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shafiulalamshahed@gmail.com (A. B. M. Shafiul Alam)

How to cite this article: Rabbi MRU, Alam ABMS and Moniruzzaman M (2022). Occupational health and safety related knowledge, attitude and practice among metal workers of Bogura city. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 40-49. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7587790.

Md. Shaheen Reza¹, Sadia Akter¹, Naznin Akter Jahan², Farzana Afrin³

¹Senior Staff Nurse, Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery, Dhaka-1212
²Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, National Institute of preventive and social medicine (NIPSOM), Dhaka-1212
³National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka-1207

COVID -19 pandemic is a unique and unprecedented scenario for many workers specially for the frontline fighter nurses. The nurses are facing significant challenges to take care of COVID -19 patients in all over the world. The objective of the study was to determine the challenges of nurses in management of COVID-19 patients in tertiary hospital. Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in two tertiary level government hospitals namely Dhaka medical college hospital (DMCH), Dhaka and Dedicated corona isolation hospital extended part of Rangpur medical college hospital (RpMCH), Rangpur; Bangladesh from January to December, 2020. Data were collected through face to face interview using a semi structured questionnaire   containing demographic details and the challenges faced by the nurses in management of COVID-19 patients in tertiary hospital where 240 nurses were selected conveniently. The collected data were processed and analyzed meticulously with the help of SPSS (Version 26). The findings revealed that the mean age of the respondents were 30.22 (± 5.557) years. The majorities 79.2% were female. Most 59.6% participants were in 26 to 30 years and majority 61.3% of participants were completed diploma in Nursing. 7.8% were pregnant and 59.6% participant live in nuclear family. 51.7% of participants got donning and doffing training and majority 72.1% of participants didn’t get infection control training. 68.7% participants consider that the available resources are not adequate to manage this situation and 62.9% of participants consider that the supply of N95 or equivalent musk is not sufficient. 52.1% of participants believe that the available manpower is not adequate to manage this situation. More than half 69.2% of participants believe that the available equipment is not enough to manage this situation and 50% thought that there is a shortage of medical Crash cart with emergency medication. 86.7% of participants believe that they are highly concerned about family safety and 60% of participants believe that they are worried about their safety because of caring COVID-19 patients. The most common challenges faced by nurses are shortages of resources, manpower, and equipment; lack of training; concern about personal and family safety. The findings of the study will be helpful for the authority to develop policy to ensure quality and sustainable health care development.

Keywords: COVID -19, Nurses, Challenges, Tertiary hospital.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shaheenrezarn@gmail.com (Md. Shaheen Reza)

How to cite this article: MS Reza, Akter S, Jahan NA and Afrin F (2022). Challenges of nurses in management of COVID-19 patients in tertiary hospital. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 50-59. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7659864.

Sadia Akter¹, Md. Shaheen Reza¹, Fahmida Khanam²

¹Senior Staff Nurse, Directorate General of Nursing and Midwifery, Dhaka-1212
²Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Dhaka-1212

The nursing profession is undoubtedly a very important part of health care service. Public Health Nurses use their specialized knowledge, experience, and skill set to initiate life-saving measures, improve and promote the health and well-being. This study was aimed to find out the scopes of utilization of public health specialist nurses, their socio-demographic characteristics, expectations, training status and satisfaction in government health care service. The study was descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected though semi structured questionnaire by direct interviewing, telephone interviewing and e-mailing among 127 respondents who had completed their MPH degree from NIPSOM and engaged in government service for minimum 3 years. Among 127 of respondents 81% was female and 19% was male and highest number of respondents 34.6% belongs to the age among 41- 45 years. Majority (78%) of the respondents gave opinion that they had no professional utilization as PHN in the government health sector. About 73.2% of respondents agreed that can getting scope to utilize their MPH educational knowledge in their working area, and most of them (83.9%) opined that they can utilize their knowledge in health education. Maximum 58.3% respondents completed MPH with the hope of becoming nursing teacher. Though 58% of respondents were giving clinical nursing service and among them 40.9% of respondents remained in same position after completing higher education. The 76% of respondents expected from central authority for the specialization of public health nursing post (DPHN) and they also wanted to more working scope in public health sector like upazila level to central level. About 59.8% of respondents didn’t get any training for their professional skill development and 67.7% were not satisfied in their present working position. Without utilizing PHSN properly health sector will remain incomplete. So, the study will help to create an opportunity to think about utilizing public health specialist nurses and for achieving different post need to create in every tire of health.

Keywords: Nurses, Public health, health care service.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sadiaahb@gmail.com (Sadia Akter)

How to cite this article: Akter S, Reza MS and Khanam F (2022). Scopes of utilization of public health specialist nurses in government health care service of Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 60-73. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7631395.

Mohammad Ferdous Siddique^1,2, Arun Chandra Barman², Md. Ayenuddin Haque², Mohosena Begum Tanu², Md. Shahjahan¹ and M. Jasim Uddin¹

¹Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
²Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh

The environmental conditions such as pH are reported to affect the matrix protein, mineralizing tissue of the shell and finally the quality pearls in bivalves. However, limited information is available on the relationship between pH and the pearl characteristics of freshwater bivalves. Considering the fact, the present study was designed to optimize the pH in pearl culture of Lamellidens marginalis. Three different treatments were assigned considering three level of pH as T₁ (7.5), T₂ (8.0) and T₃ (8.5) at controlled temperature (28°C). All the mussels were inoculated with paraffin image and cultured for 180 days in glass aquariums. After the culture period, the mussels were dissected and the image pearls were assessed for nacre thickness and pearl production rate. Results showed that pH had no significant effect on shell length and weight increment, while significant increase in survival and pearl production rate were observed at treatment T₁ (pH = 7.5). Furthermore, the studied three different levels of pH had no significant effect on nacre thickness and nacre weight of the produced image pearls. The present study concluded that, considering the higher survival and pearl production rate at treatment T₁, grafted mussels should be cultured preferably at pH 7.5. The findings of the current study might be helpful for strengthening culture environment of image pearl in L. marginalis.

Keywords: Lamellidens marginalis, survival rate, image pearl, nacre, pH.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jasimfm@bau.edu.bd (MJ Uddin)

How to cite this article: Siddique MF, Barman AC, Haque MA, Tanu MB, Shahjahan M and Uddin MJ (2022). Effects of pH on image pearl production in freshwater mussels (Lamellidens marginalis) under controlled temperature. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9(3): 74-83. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8223177.