Khalifah Ali¹, Haithem Ali Mohamed Ahmed Farghali², and Ashraf Ali Eldesoky Shamaa²

¹Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait
²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

This paper reports cases of antresia ani in sheep and goat of Kuwait city, Kuwait. Several cases of atresia ani with recto-vaginal fistula were observed in day old sheep and adult sheep and goats were found. The animals were suffering from difficulty in defecation, anorexia, and blot in addition faces were coming from vagina. Based on the prevailing clinical signs, the condition was however diagnosed as congenital atresia ani associated with recto-vaginal fistula. Reconstructive surgery by incising the bulged, palpable region was done. The rectal pouch was bluntly dissected and retracted The blind stump of the rectum was incised and sutured all around with the skin by using interrupted mattress silk sutures. The perineal tissue was separated by blunt dissection then rectal and vaginal walls were separated. The perineal tissue and skin were closed. Post operative care and follow-up confirmed the recovery of the animals. The recovered animals got back their normal life and be able economically profitable for the keepers.

Keywords: Atresia ani, Sheep and Goat, Kuwait.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vet-1@live.com (Khalifah Ali)

How to cite this article: Ali K, Farghali HAMA and Shamaa AAE (2020). Occurrence of atresia ani in adult sheep and goat in Kuwait city. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 01-04. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12106857

Wedy Nasrul, Zulmardi, Tri Irfa Indrayani

Muhammadiyah University of West Sumatera, Indonesia

Local institutions have a vital role to agricultural markets. The role of institutions is also important in gambier (Uncaria gambier Roxb) market. Some local institutions involved and played an important role at gambier market. Local institutions involved such as farmers groups, gatherer, custom institutions, and village government. However the role of local institutions so far was not effective in gambier market in Indonesia. Ineffective role of local institutions due to the low capacity and lack of interest and coordination to the Central Government has been observed. A qualitative approach was used in the study. The research was done in the village Lubuak Alai, Manggilang and Maek at Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The results of the study show that there is urgent need to optimization the role of local institutions involved in the gambier market. The process of the optimization can be done by establishing formal association of gambier producing farmers to gain access to information and financial support. Strengthening  the gambier market need optimization strategy through capacity building. Thes institutions will produce a clear and benefit all parties through clear rules. In addition capacity building will provide good coordination among the institutions involved in the gambier market. A good cooperation and coordination would ease the process of transactions, information and avoid high transaction cost.

Keywords: Optimization, Local institutions, Market, Gambier.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wedy72nasrul@gmail.com (Wedy Nasrul)

How to cite this article: Nasrul W, Zulmardi and Indrayani TI (2020). Strengthening gambier market through optimizing local institutions in Indonesia. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 05-09. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12110856

Khalifah Ali¹, Haithem Ali Mohamed Ahmed Farghali² and Ashraf Ali Eldesoky Shamaa²

¹Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources – Kuwait City, Kuwait
²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Buried or concealed penis is a congenital abnormality in which the penis is buried below the surface of prepubic skin. A clinical case of concealed or buried penis of ram was observed in a farm belonging to Public authority for agriculture affairs and fish resources, Kuwait City, Kuwait. This one-year old Naomi ram suffering from concealed penis since birth. The clinical examination shows the penis downwards and difficulties with urine flow and insemination is not performed as a result of penile deviation. All these symptoms caused stretching skin of the penis pod. This case was treated by surgical intervention to remove stretch and skin tightening. The ram was anesthetized by xylazine and lidocaine combination. Only penicillin with oxytetracycline spray was recommended at post surgery period for one week.  Complete healing of the wound required one week. Follow up confirmed the success of interference and normal life of the ram.

Keywords: Buried Penis, Surgery, Sheep, Kuwait.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vet-1@live.com (Khalifah Ali)

How to cite this article: Ali K, Farghali HAMA and Shamaa AAE (2020). Surgical management of buried penis in ram in Kuwait. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 10-13. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12115653

Md. Shiraz Uddin¹, Mst. Sogra Banu Juli¹, Md. Shajedur Rahman¹, Mahfuza Akther², Md. Nurnoby Islam¹

¹Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur,  Bangladesh
²Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

This work was undertaken to investigate the biosecurity practiced on small scale commercial poultry farms of Dinajpur district from July-2018 to June-2019. A total of 70 poultry farms from different upazilla were considered for it. Four experimental designated data were collected directly with a pre tested questionnaire. As per the requirements of experimental objectives, the collected data on different variables were subjected to statistical analysis. The data revealed that different types of litter materials were used by individual farms. Among them use of rice husk was in highest value (54.28%; 38 farms). Only 2 farms (2.85%) used ash as their litter materials. Plastic was the most common materials used to prevent air passage in 41 farms (58.57%) whereas only 12 farms (17.14%)  used the cloths or carpet. In case of dead bird disposal, 40 farms (57.14%) were habituated with throwing off whereas only 4.29% (3 farms) farms practiced burning of disposal. Disposal of litter materials in agricultural land was practiced by 13 farms (18.57%) whereas selling the used liter materials was practiced by 42 farms (60%). Veterinary service was taken in 40 farms which showed the highest value of frequency (57.14%) and lowest frequency (5.71%) was recorded in those farms where service was taken from Feed & Medicine dealers. In most of the farms (64.29% or 45 farms) workers did not take any formal or institutional training and maximum number of farms (78.57%) did not have knowledge on biosecurity. About 5-10% mortality rate was recorded in 54 farms (77.14%) and 10 % mortality rate was found in 7 farms. 5-10 days interval between batches was maintained in 25 farms (28.57%) whereas 6-30 days interval was maintained in 9 farms (8.57%). The study suggests that specific biosecurity program should be developed for individual poultry farm according to their particular need and situations with the cooperation of the decision makers and veterinarian to ensure the success of the farms.

Keywords: Biosecurity, Management practices, Commercial farms, Hygienic managements.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: papry0704032@gmail.com (Mahfuza Akther)

How to cite this article: MS Uddin, MSB Juli, MS Rahman, M Akther, MN Islam (2020). Investigation of biosecurity in commercial poultry farms of Dinajpur district. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 14-20. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12136467

Nahidur Rahman¹, Md. Borhan Uddin¹, Md.Fahad Bin Quader¹, Muhammad Abu Bakar²

¹Department of Food Processing and Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh
²Phytochemistry Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chattogram-4220, Bangladesh

The study was carried out to explore the use of mixed (banana, carrot and apple) peel powder with wheat flour in the preparation of high fiber biscuits. The effects of the mixed peel powder (MPP) on the nutritional quality and sensory characteristics of the biscuits were also studied. The MPP was prepared through the process of drying and grinding. Biscuits were prepared from blend of whole wheat flour along with MPP using the traditional creamery method. Sensory evaluation was carried out using a group of trained panelists. MPP and prepared biscuits were analyzed for their proximate and mineral contents. All the obtained data were analyzed statistically to determine the level of significance of variation in observations. MPP was characterized by lower moisture content, protein and carbohydrate while having higher content of fat, fiber, ash and some other minerals (Fe, K, Mn, Mg and Ca) compared to wheat flour. Wheat flour when substituted with 5% of MPP resulted in better quality, nutritious and fiber enriched biscuits (carbohydrate 68.47%, protein 14.45%, fat 4.74%, ash 1.98% and fiber 3.00%). Fe, K, Mn and Ca contents were also found to be higher in the developed biscuit than the control biscuit made with wheat flour. The newly formulated biscuit was found to be more acceptable in terms of nutritional and sensory characteristics.

Keywords: Fiber enriched biscuits, Mixed peel powder, Sensory evaluation, Nutritive value.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nahidurcvasu@gmail.com (Nahidur Rahman)

How to cite this article: N Rahman, MB Uddin, MFB Quader and MA Bakar (2020). Optimization of mixed peels from banana, carrot and apple to develop high fiber biscuit. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 21-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12195978

Mst. Azmery Shathy, Md. Mahmudul Hasan, Fahima Binthe Aziz, Rakibul Islam, Sumon Sarkar

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh

Chronic arsenic toxicity is a severe disease in men and animals which occurs severely in Bangladesh. Arsenic (As) contamination in ground water used for drinking is the major concern because arsenic is present in human and animal food chain. This work was done in quails with a view to study the comparative efficacy of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and Garlic (Allium sativum) for prevention of arsenic toxicity. Forty quails were used in this study and animals were divided into control group (T₀), Arsenic treated group (T₁), Arsenic plus Spirulina treated group (T₂) and Arsenic plus Garlic treated group (T₃). Each group consists of 10 quails. Quails of T₀ group were given normal feed and water and kept as control. Quails of T₁, T₂ and T₃ were given 100 mg Arsenic trioxide/L drinking water daily for 30 days. In addition to arsenic trioxide quails of group T₂ and T₃ were simultaneously fed with Spirulina @ 1 gm/kg feed and T₃ were simultaneously feed with Garlic @ 1gm /kg body weight up to 30 days respectively. Five quails from each group (T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃) were sacrificed at 15 days interval in order to determine haematological parameters. Data showed that in group T₁, body weight gain was minimum, whereas in group T₂ and T₃ the body weight gain in quails were better. Reduction of TEC, Hb values were significant (P<0.01) in T₁ group. Whereas in rest groups reduction of TEC, Hb were less than arsenic treated groups. Noticeable change observed in liver and kidney of arsenic treated group in compare to control group. Spirulina and garlic have significant effect on body weight, hematological and postmortem changes.

Keywords: Arsenic, Spirulina, Garlic, Quail.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: m.hasanvet@gmail.com (M. Hasan)

How to cite this article: MA Shathy, MM Hasan, FB Aziz, R Islam and S Sarkar (2020). Prevention of arsenic toxicity in quail by using spirulina and garlic. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 26-31. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12399740

Nur-E-Abir Sowrove, Md. Ismail Hossain, Sarah Yasmin

Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensigh-2202, Bangladesh

The paper examined the consumer preference of turkey meat in Mymensingh city area. Purposive sampling technique and face to face interview was carried out among 60 consumers of turkey meat. A five-point Likert scale such as strongly agree = 5, agree = 4 neutral=3, disagree=2 and strongly disagree=1was applied to measure consumer attitude towards turkey meat. Discriminative Power (DP) value was computed to find out lowest and highest variability of consumer response. Results indicated that the majority of the consumers (55%) strongly agreed that turkey has high price per kg and 46.67% respondents agreed that turkey is very tasty. Highest variability in consumer’s response was found that turkey meat is socially unacceptable and processing turkey is complex. Lowest variability of response was that, “turkey meat has a bad smell”. The findings also revealed that 51.67% consumers favored turkey meat and 5% consumers highly favored it. Hence, it can be concluded that consumers exhibited favorable attitude towards turkey meat. Consequently, turkey can be deliberated as an innovative source of protein that may play vital role significantly in lessening the gap between animal protein requirement and consumption in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Consumer, Preference, Turkey Meat, Mymensingh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jesy099@bau.edu.bd (Sarah Yasmin)

How to cite this article: NEA Sowrove, MI Hossain and S Yasmin (2020). Consumer preference towards turkey meat in Mymensingh city. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 32-39. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12478574

Md. Sefaur Rahman¹, Monira Khatun², Md. Al-Arafat Topu³, A. B. M. Shafiul Alam⁴, Ananta Sarker⁵, M A Saleque⁶

¹Senior Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Noakhali
²Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
³Scientific Officer, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh
⁴Senior Scientific Officer, Adaptive Research and Extension Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Khagrachari
⁵Upazila Agriculture Officer, Plant Protection Wing (attached), Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE), Dhaka
⁶Principal Scientific Officer, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Station, Barisal

Plant availability of soil K is controlled by dynamic interactions among solution, exchangeable and nonexchangeable pools. Potassium (K⁺) directly released from primary K-bearing minerals can contribute to plant nutrition. The objective of this research was to assess short-term K⁺ release and fixation on Barisal silt (Barisal) and Chhiatasilty clay loam (BAU-Bangladesh Agricultural University) soils, which are intensively cropped with rice. Potassium sorption and desorption properties and the contributions of exchangeable K⁺ (EK) and nonexchangeable K⁺ (NEK) pools to K⁺ dynamics of the soil-solution system was measured using a modified quantity-to-intensity (Q/I) experiment. The soil ability for K⁺ release and fixation (β) for BAU and Barisal soil was 0.109 and 0.089, respectively. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity for exchangeable K⁺ (PBC_Exch) derived from Q/I experiment was 48.41 for BAU soil and 65.24 for Barisal soil. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity for nonexchangeable K⁺ (PBC_Non-exch) was 149.73 in BAU soil and 119.29 in Barisal soil, respectively. The BAU soil showed higher β value than the Barisal soil, indicating release and fixation of nonexchangeable K (NEK) would be greater in BAU soil than the Barisal soil. The amount of exchangeable K (EK) that was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca (E_min) in the experimental conditions was higher (0.114 cmol kg^-1) in Barisal soil than in BAU soil (0.049 cmol kg^-1). Equilibrium concentration ratio (CR₀) in Barisal soil was 0.807 (mmol L^{– 1})^1/2 compared to 0.338 (mmol L ^{– 1})^1/2 in BAU soil. The equilibrium solution K (CK₀) was greater in Barisal soil 0.098 (mmol L ^{– 1})^1/2 than the BAU soil 0.039 (mmol L ^{– 1})^1/2. Estimated equilibrium exchangeable K (EK₀) for BAU and Barisal was 0.065 and 0.165 cmol kg^–1, respectively. Critical solution K (CK_r) value for Barisal soil was 0.103 mmol L^–1, which was greater than that of BAU soil (0.038 mmol L^–1). The calculated critical exchangeable K (EK_r) for BAU and Barisal soil was 0.049 and 0.109 cmol kg ^–1, respectively. The value of EK_r indicates that the release of nonexchangeable K would be initiated in BAU and Barisal soils when exchangeable K will be less than 0.049 and 0.109 cmol kg ^–1, respectively. Potassium supplying parameters obtained from these K⁺ release and fixation experiments would be useful for decision making in soil fertility management.

Keywords: Potassium release, fixation Old Brahmaputra Ganges Tidal, Floodplain Plant nutrition, soil fertility Bangladesh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sefa.entom@gmail.com (Md. Sefaur Rahman)

How to cite this article: Rahman MS, Khatun M, Topu MAA, Alam ABMS, Sarker A and Saleque MA (2020). Potassium release and fixation in old Brahmaputra and Ganges tidal floodplain soils of Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 40-54. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3997124

Md. Mokammel Hoque Sawn¹, Md.Rashedul Islam¹, Md. Golam Rabbani², Md. Golam Farouque³, Md. Shohidul Islam⁴

¹Interdisciplinary Institute for Food Security (IIFS), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202
²Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202
³Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202
⁴Department of Biochemistry and Food Analysis, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki,Patuakhali- 8602

This study was carried out to make a comparison between watermelon and rice production on food security of farmers from Tajumoddin and Charfasson upazilas of Bhola district considering the objectives-to identify food Security status of watermelon and rice farmers, to determine the role of watermelon and rice production on food security of the farmers and to determine the major problems associated with watermelon and rice cultivation. The data was collected between July to September, 2018 from 60 farmers who were selected using stratified random sampling method. In total 60 farmers, at the rate of 15 farmers from Kazikandi, 15 farmers from Sayesthakandi, 15 farmers from Badurah and 15 farmers from Hindupara were randomly selected. Here, 30 farmers were watermelon producers and 30 farmers were rice producers. To collect data, a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. The collected data were manually edited and coded. Then all collected data were summarized and scrutinized carefully. Data entry was made in computer and analyses were done using the concerned software Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result of the study revealed that the average total income of watermelon and rice farmers were Tk. 2,84147.00and Tk. 1,75400.00, in Tajumoddin and Tk.2,79519.00 and Tk.2,27790.00 in Charfasson and annual expenditure were Tk. 219733.00 and Tk. 160213.00 in Tajumoddin where Tk.210616.00 and Tk.162280.00 in Charfasson, respectively. The results of profitability analysis of the watermelon and rice cultivation clearly indicated that watermelon production was profitable. Watermelon farmers obtained higher profit than rice farmers in both upazilas. The results of the study revealed that the watermelon farmers in Tajumoddin and Charfasson upazilas are more food secured than rice farmers. It was checked by using recommended minimum calorie requirement (i.e. 2122 kcal). The average per capita calorie intake of watermelon farmers and rice farmers were 2423.18 kcal and 2311.07 kcal in Tajumoddin, where 2394.61 kcal and 2338.12 kcal in Charfasson, respectively. Economic, Social, natural, technical and marketing problems.

Keywords: Food security, watermelon, rice production, farmers, Bhola, Bangladesh.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shawn.mhs@gmail.com (MMH Sawn)

How to cite this article: Sawn MMH, Islam MR, Rabbani MG, Farouque MG and Islam MS (2020). Comparison of food security among watermelon and rice production farmers in Bhola district. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 55-68. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4003710

Mahir Abrar¹, Faria Sultana²

¹Faculty of Business Administration, American International University-Bangladesh
²Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, American International University-Bangladesh

Somalia has seen a rise of various fundamentalist groups who have engaged in terrorism and numerous wars crimes and human rights violations in the territory they control with relative impunity. It became imperative for the international community and the United Nations to intervene in limiting the massive humanitarian crisis. The United States carried out several strikes targeting Islamic terrorists in Somalia. The purpose of this paper was to provide a brief overview of governance and conflicts in Somalia and its role in facilitating the rise of various terrorist organizations in the country and the region. In this context, this paper has explored and compared the number of aerial strikes in Somalia under the last three years of President Barack Obama’s presidency (2014-2016) and the first three years of President Donald Trump’s presidency (2017-2019). The economy of Somalia is recovering slowly and it is improving the lives of people in areas controlled by the Somali Government (BBC News, 2017). President Donald Trump has reduced restrictions on aerial strikes. His policy has led to a significant increase in the number of strikes and casualties. It is yet to be seen if this policy can reduce extremism and terrorism in Somalia. It will also be difficult for the national government to hold a national election given that parts of the country are still controlled by militias and the autonomous territories like Somaliland and Puntland are not likely to cooperate.

Keywords: Aerial strikes, Terrorism, Governance, Somalia, United States.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mahir13abrar@gmail.com (Mahir Abrar)

How to cite this article: Abrar M and Sultana F (2020). Governance, conflict and the United Nations interventions in Somalia. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 69-75. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4007824

Md. Zakir Hossain¹, Md. Belal Siddiqui², Md. Abdur Razzaq³, Md. Aktarul Islam⁴, Md. Mahmudul Hasan⁵, Md. Ferdous⁶

¹Regional Wheat Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Rajshahi
²Infrastructure Development Company limited
³First Security Islami Bank Ltd
⁴Agricultural Engineering Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh
⁵Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
⁶ACI Motors Limited

An attempt was made to evaluate the performance of a shallow tubewell (STW) irrigation project situated at the village Boira near BAU campus in Mymensingh district. The performances were evaluated by collecting data on some technical parameters. Data on actual tubewell discharge, command area, daily operations hours and crop yield were collected. By using these data, technical parameters like water loss in the canal, duty, command area ratio, water use efficiency and water management efficiency were determined. The discharge of the STW was found to be 8.91 lps. Conveyance loss of the project was 31.71 percent (with an average value) of the pump discharge. Duty was 133.22 ha/cumec. Water management efficiency was 74 percent. Canal density was 207m/ha. Command area ratio was 0.37. Water productivity of rice was 0.63 kg/m3. Benefit cost ratio was found to be 2.62. The higher seepage losses in the study area were due to earthen canal networks which were not compacted properly and were not designed following any engineering principle. The performance parameters are expected to be improved to the satisfactory extent if earthen canals are compacted properly and optimum quantity of water is applied as and when necessary.

Keywords: Water loss, duty, command area, discharge, seepage.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zakzuberi@gmail.com (Z. Hossain)

How to cite this article: Hossain MZ, Siddiqui  MB, Razzaq MA, Islam MA, Hasan MM and Ferdous M (2020). Performance evaluation of a shallow tubewell irrigation project. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 76-85. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5087575

Mohammad Ferdous Siddique, Mohosena Begum Tanu, Arun Chandra Barman, Md. Moniruzzaman, Sonia Sku, Nazmul Hossen, Yahia Mahmud 

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Mymensingh-2201, Bangladesh

No technique is yet developed in Bangladesh for the culture of nuclei pearl. The current research was conducted to prepare suitable sized nuclei and optimization the size of nuclei for nuclei pearl culture in Bangladesh at Bangladesh fisheries research institute (BFRI), Mymensingh from July 2017 to June 2018. During the experiment stelon nuclei produced from shells of Lamellidens marginalis and L. corrianas and shell bead nuclei produced from shells of native cockle Anadara granosa were inserted with three different sizes (2, 2.5 and 3 mm), tagged and cultured for 12 months in net bag hanging method. During 12 months of culture period maximum survival rate (45.33%) was found after insertion of 2 mm sized shell bead nuclei while 36.33% and 27.67% survival rate was found after insertion of 2.5 and 3mm sized shell bead nuclei. Besides Survival rate were 39.67%, 32.33%, 25.33% mussels with 2mm, 2.5mm and 3 mm in stelon nuclei insertion. Among the different type and sized nuclei 2mm shell bead nuclei produced from A. granosa was found suitable for native L. marginalis with highest nuclei pearl production rate (4.67%) and thick nacre layer (0.3 ± 0.05 mm). Nuclei pearl production rate with nacre layer was recorded 3.67%(0.1±0.2mm), 1.33%(0.1±0.03mm) for 2.5mm and 3mm shell bead nuclei while it was 3.33%(0.2±0.5mm), 2.67%(0.1±0.05mm) and 0.67%(0.1±0.01 ) for 2mm, 2.5mm and 3mm stelon nuclei respectively.  Two mm sized shell bead nuclei from native marine mussel Anadara granosa recorded better quality pearl.

Keywords: Stelon nuclei, shell bead nuclei, nuclei size, nuclei pearl, freshwater mussel.

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: siddique.bfri@gmail.com (Mohammad Ferdous Siddique)

How to cite this article: Siddique M.F., Tanu M.B., Barman A.C., Moniruzzaman M., Sku S.,  Hossen M.N. and Mahmud Y. (2019). Preparation of nuclei and optimization the size of nuclei for pearl production in freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis in Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(1): 86-92. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5295651